{"id":1830,"date":"2026-07-02T12:52:29","date_gmt":"2026-07-02T09:22:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd\/"},"modified":"2026-07-02T12:52:29","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T09:22:29","slug":"body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd\/","title":{"rendered":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): A Psychiatric Perspective<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)<\/strong> is a significant yet frequently underdiagnosed psychiatric condition. Individuals with BDD become obsessively preoccupied with one or more perceived flaws in their appearance. These flaws are either <strong>nonexistent<\/strong> or <strong>barely noticeable to others<\/strong>, yet they cause profound emotional distress and impairment for the affected individual.<\/p>\n<h2>1. Clinical Definition<\/h2>\n<p>From a psychiatric perspective, Body Dysmorphic Disorder is characterized by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Persistent preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance.<\/li>\n<li>Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in response to these concerns.<\/li>\n<li>Clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms that are not better explained by another mental disorder, particularly eating disorders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2. How Does the Patient Think?<\/h2>\n<p>Individuals with BDD often experience thoughts such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;My nose is ugly and unbearable.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;My skin looks terrible, and everyone notices it.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;My face is asymmetrical.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;People judge me because of how I look.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;I can&#8217;t live a normal life until this flaw is fixed.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The degree of insight varies among patients:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Some have <strong>good or fair insight<\/strong>, recognizing that their beliefs may be exaggerated.<\/li>\n<li>Others have <strong>poor insight<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>In some cases, the beliefs become <strong>delusional<\/strong>, meaning the individual remains absolutely convinced that the defect is obvious and catastrophic despite clear evidence to the contrary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>3. Core Diagnostic Features<\/h2>\n<h3>A. Preoccupation with a Perceived Physical Defect<\/h3>\n<p>Common areas of concern include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nose<\/li>\n<li>Skin<\/li>\n<li>Hair<\/li>\n<li>Jaw<\/li>\n<li>Lips<\/li>\n<li>Eyes<\/li>\n<li>Facial shape<\/li>\n<li>Height or body build<\/li>\n<li>Body odor or the appearance of a specific body part<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These concerns often occupy several hours of the person&#8217;s day.<\/p>\n<h3>B. Repetitive Behaviors or Mental Rituals<\/h3>\n<p>To reduce anxiety, patients may engage in compulsive behaviors such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Repeated mirror checking or, conversely, avoiding mirrors altogether<\/li>\n<li>Constant touching or inspecting the perceived flaw<\/li>\n<li>Excessive grooming or camouflage<\/li>\n<li>Taking numerous photographs<\/li>\n<li>Frequently seeking reassurance from others<\/li>\n<li>Constant comparison with other people<\/li>\n<li>Repeatedly pursuing cosmetic treatments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>C. Significant Distress or Functional Impairment<\/h3>\n<p>BDD becomes clinically significant when it results in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Poor academic or occupational performance<\/li>\n<li>Social withdrawal<\/li>\n<li>Relationship difficulties<\/li>\n<li>Avoidance of social situations<\/li>\n<li>Depression<\/li>\n<li>Suicidal thoughts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Diagnostic Classification<\/h2>\n<p>According to the <strong>DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)<\/strong>, Body Dysmorphic Disorder belongs to the <strong>Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders<\/strong> category because it involves:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intrusive, obsessive thoughts<\/li>\n<li>Repetitive and reassurance-seeking behaviors<\/li>\n<li>A cognitive-behavioral pattern similar to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Muscle Dysmorphia<\/h3>\n<p>A related presentation, seen particularly in men, is <strong>muscle dysmorphia<\/strong>, in which individuals believe:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;My body is too small, too weak, or not muscular enough.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This condition may be associated with excessive exercise, rigid dieting, overuse of supplements, or anabolic steroid use.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Prevalence and Clinical Importance<\/h2>\n<p>BDD is more common than many clinicians realize.<\/p>\n<p>Many affected individuals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Never seek psychiatric care.<\/li>\n<li>Instead consult dermatologists, plastic surgeons, or cosmetic physicians.<\/li>\n<li>Believe their problem is entirely physical rather than psychological.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For this reason, BDD is especially important to recognize in dermatology and cosmetic medicine settings.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Age of Onset and Course<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Symptoms usually begin during <strong>adolescence or early adulthood<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The disorder is diagnosed more frequently in women, although among men seeking cosmetic procedures, BDD may be a major underlying reason for consultation.<\/li>\n<li>Without treatment, the course is often <strong>chronic<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Symptom severity may fluctuate over time.<\/li>\n<li>Social stress, rejection, bullying, ridicule, and beauty-related pressures may worsen symptoms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many patients struggle for years before receiving an accurate diagnosis.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Risk Factors and Causes<\/h2>\n<p>From a psychiatric perspective, BDD has a <strong>multifactorial etiology<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>A. Biological Factors<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Genetic vulnerability shared with OCD and anxiety disorders<\/li>\n<li>Abnormal visual information processing and selective attention to details<\/li>\n<li>Possible involvement of neurochemical systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>B. Psychological Factors<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Low self-esteem<\/li>\n<li>Perfectionism<\/li>\n<li>Heightened sensitivity to shame<\/li>\n<li>Defectiveness and worthlessness schemas<\/li>\n<li>Distorted interpretation of physical appearance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>C. Social and Developmental Factors<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Bullying or teasing about appearance<\/li>\n<li>Childhood and adolescent victimization<\/li>\n<li>Family or peer pressure<\/li>\n<li>Social media exposure<\/li>\n<li>Beauty-focused cultural ideals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Important Clinical Features<\/h2>\n<p>Psychiatrists should be particularly alert when patients:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spend excessive time thinking about their appearance.<\/li>\n<li>Have undergone multiple cosmetic procedures without satisfaction.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid leaving home or avoid cameras, bright lighting, or social gatherings.<\/li>\n<li>Constantly seek reassurance.<\/li>\n<li>Believe others focus exclusively on their perceived defect.<\/li>\n<li>Develop depression or suicidal thoughts because of their appearance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Insight<\/h3>\n<p>Insight exists on a spectrum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Good<\/li>\n<li>Fair<\/li>\n<li>Poor<\/li>\n<li>Absent (delusional beliefs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The degree of insight significantly affects prognosis and treatment adherence.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Differential Diagnosis<\/h2>\n<p>Distinguishing BDD from similar conditions is essential.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)<\/h3>\n<p>Both disorders involve obsessions and compulsions, but in BDD the primary focus is <strong>physical appearance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Eating Disorders<\/h3>\n<p>If the preoccupation is mainly with <strong>weight and body fat<\/strong>, anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa is more likely.<\/p>\n<p>If concerns involve other body parts or overall ugliness, BDD is more probable.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Major Depressive Disorder<\/h3>\n<p>Depressed individuals may perceive themselves as unattractive, but appearance-related preoccupation is not the central feature.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Social Anxiety Disorder<\/h3>\n<p>In social anxiety, the fear centers on negative evaluation generally.<\/p>\n<p>In BDD, the fear is specifically linked to a perceived physical defect.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Delusional Disorder, Somatic Type<\/h3>\n<p>Differentiation may be difficult in patients with absent insight and fixed delusional beliefs.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Normal Appearance Concerns<\/h3>\n<p>Ordinary dissatisfaction with appearance should not be confused with BDD.<\/p>\n<p>Key distinguishing factors include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intensity of preoccupation<\/li>\n<li>Degree of distress<\/li>\n<li>Compulsive behaviors<\/li>\n<li>Functional impairment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Psychiatric Comorbidities<\/h2>\n<p>BDD rarely occurs in isolation.<\/p>\n<p>Common comorbid conditions include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Major Depressive Disorder<\/li>\n<li>Anxiety Disorders<\/li>\n<li>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder<\/li>\n<li>Social Anxiety Disorder<\/li>\n<li>Substance Use Disorders<\/li>\n<li>Personality Disorders, particularly avoidant and obsessive-compulsive traits<\/li>\n<li>Eating Disorders in some individuals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Suicide Risk<\/h2>\n<p>This is one of the most critical aspects of BDD.<\/p>\n<p>The disorder is strongly associated with:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Suicidal thoughts<\/li>\n<li>Suicide attempts<\/li>\n<li>Severe hopelessness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Patients may believe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Their appearance is unbearable.<\/li>\n<li>No one understands them.<\/li>\n<li>Life is meaningless unless the perceived defect is corrected.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Therefore, <strong>suicide risk assessment is essential and should always be performed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>12. Relationship with Cosmetic Procedures<\/h2>\n<p>Many individuals with BDD repeatedly pursue:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plastic surgery<\/li>\n<li>Cosmetic injections<\/li>\n<li>Dermatologic treatments<\/li>\n<li>Repeated aesthetic procedures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, in most cases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lasting satisfaction is not achieved.<\/li>\n<li>The focus shifts from one body part to another.<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms worsen.<\/li>\n<li>Patients may become angry with or dissatisfied toward their physicians.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>From a psychiatric standpoint, <strong>cosmetic procedures are not a treatment for BDD<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>Key Clinical Considerations<\/h2>\n<h3>Associated Behaviors<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Mirror checking<\/li>\n<li>Camouflaging perceived defects<\/li>\n<li>Reassurance seeking<\/li>\n<li>Comparing appearance with others<\/li>\n<li>Repeated pursuit of cosmetic treatments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Assessing Insight<\/h3>\n<p>Determine whether the patient:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recognizes that their perception may be exaggerated, or<\/li>\n<li>Is completely convinced that the defect is real.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Functional Impairment<\/h3>\n<p>Assess the impact on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Employment<\/li>\n<li>Education<\/li>\n<li>Relationships<\/li>\n<li>Leaving the house<\/li>\n<li>Romantic and social life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Comorbid Conditions<\/h3>\n<p>Evaluate for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Depression<\/li>\n<li>Anxiety<\/li>\n<li>OCD<\/li>\n<li>Eating disorders<\/li>\n<li>Substance misuse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Risk Assessment<\/h3>\n<p>Assess for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Suicidal ideation<\/li>\n<li>Suicide plans<\/li>\n<li>Previous suicide attempts<\/li>\n<li>Impulsive behaviors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Treatment from a Psychiatric Perspective<\/h2>\n<h3>First-Line Treatment<\/h3>\n<h3>1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)<\/h3>\n<p>Specialized CBT for BDD is highly effective.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment focuses on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Correcting distorted beliefs about appearance<\/li>\n<li>Reducing mirror checking and reassurance seeking<\/li>\n<li>Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)<\/li>\n<li>Improving self-esteem and core beliefs<\/li>\n<li>Reducing social avoidance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. Pharmacotherapy<\/h3>\n<p>The primary medications are <strong>Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)<\/strong>, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fluoxetine<\/li>\n<li>Sertraline<\/li>\n<li>Escitalopram<\/li>\n<li>Fluvoxamine<\/li>\n<li>Other SSRIs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Important considerations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adequate therapeutic doses are often required.<\/li>\n<li>Clinical improvement may take several weeks to several months.<\/li>\n<li>SSRIs can be effective even in severe cases or in patients with poor insight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Additional specialized interventions may be necessary to address co-occurring psychiatric disorders.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The standard first-line treatment for BDD consists of:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Prognosis<\/h2>\n<p>The prognosis depends on several factors.<\/p>\n<p>Outcomes are generally better when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The disorder is recognized early.<\/li>\n<li>The patient has better insight.<\/li>\n<li>Treatment is consistent.<\/li>\n<li>Comorbid conditions are effectively managed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Prognosis is generally poorer when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The disorder remains chronic and untreated.<\/li>\n<li>The patient repeatedly undergoes cosmetic procedures.<\/li>\n<li>Severe depression or suicidality is present.<\/li>\n<li>Insight is markedly impaired.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Final Note<\/h2>\n<p>As with all psychiatric disorders, the diagnosis of Body Dysmorphic Disorder should be made by qualified mental health professionals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The information provided here is intended solely for public education and to encourage consultation with qualified healthcare professionals. It is not sufficient for diagnosing oneself or others.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Society and Mental Health<\/h3>\n<p>This page shares educational content related to psychology and psychiatry.<\/p>\n<p>\ud83c\udd94 <strong>Channel:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ble.ir\/jamehvasalamtravan\">https:\/\/ble.ir\/jamehvasalamtravan<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Dr. Hamid Yousefi<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Psychiatrist<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.drhamidyousefi.com\/\">https:\/\/www.drhamidyousefi.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): A Psychiatric Perspective Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a significant yet frequently underdiagnosed psychiatric condition. Individuals &#8230; <a class=\"cz_readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd\/\"><i class=\"fa fa-angle-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span>\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1828,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychiatric-experiences"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644-\u062e\u0648\u062f-\u0632\u0634\u062a-\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): A Psychiatric Perspective Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a significant yet frequently underdiagnosed psychiatric condition. Individuals ... \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644-\u062e\u0648\u062f-\u0632\u0634\u062a-\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-02T09:22:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"DrYousefi\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"DrYousefi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"DrYousefi\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/512da6ca9acbe5e05da6d89321cc2c40\"},\"headline\":\"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-02T09:22:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1358,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Psychiatric experiences\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/\",\"name\":\"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-02T09:22:29+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/512da6ca9acbe5e05da6d89321cc2c40\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg\",\"width\":800,\"height\":500},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/512da6ca9acbe5e05da6d89321cc2c40\",\"name\":\"DrYousefi\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/551f46fc0c1519976e5938fb45894d5aebcbd1a8f661d2d26b83237baa685094?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/551f46fc0c1519976e5938fb45894d5aebcbd1a8f661d2d26b83237baa685094?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/551f46fc0c1519976e5938fb45894d5aebcbd1a8f661d2d26b83237baa685094?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"DrYousefi\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/drhamidyousefi.com\\\/en\\\/author\\\/dryousefi\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644-\u062e\u0648\u062f-\u0632\u0634\u062a-\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)","og_description":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): A Psychiatric Perspective Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a significant yet frequently underdiagnosed psychiatric condition. Individuals ... \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628","og_url":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644-\u062e\u0648\u062f-\u0632\u0634\u062a-\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc\/","og_site_name":"\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi","article_published_time":"2026-07-02T09:22:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":800,"height":500,"url":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"DrYousefi","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"DrYousefi","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/"},"author":{"name":"DrYousefi","@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/#\/schema\/person\/512da6ca9acbe5e05da6d89321cc2c40"},"headline":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)","datePublished":"2026-07-02T09:22:29+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/"},"wordCount":1358,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg","articleSection":["Psychiatric experiences"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/","url":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/","name":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg","datePublished":"2026-07-02T09:22:29+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/#\/schema\/person\/512da6ca9acbe5e05da6d89321cc2c40"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bdd-signs-copy.jpg","width":800,"height":500},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b2%d8%b4%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/","name":"\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc Dr Hamid Yousefi","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/#\/schema\/person\/512da6ca9acbe5e05da6d89321cc2c40","name":"DrYousefi","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/551f46fc0c1519976e5938fb45894d5aebcbd1a8f661d2d26b83237baa685094?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/551f46fc0c1519976e5938fb45894d5aebcbd1a8f661d2d26b83237baa685094?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/551f46fc0c1519976e5938fb45894d5aebcbd1a8f661d2d26b83237baa685094?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"DrYousefi"},"url":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/author\/dryousefi\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1830"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1830\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drhamidyousefi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}